• Conformal ISOMAP
    • relax the convex manifold assumption by preserving manifold orientation instead of geodesic distance.
  • C ISOMAP
    • allow for magnifying the regions of high density but shrinking the regions of low density of data points in manifold.
  • Incremental ISOMAP
    • allow for online ISOMAP learning by embedded points one by one instead of training in a batch manner.
  • Landmark ISOMAP
    • overcome high computational burden in learning by using landmarks, only a subset of representative data.
  • Robust ISOMAP
    • replace Dijkstra path-based geodesic distance estimates with parallel transport unfolding approximation for robustness to noise, a fundamental weakness of ISOMAP.